The Effect of Cocoa Bean Export Duties on The Export of Processed Cocoa Products in Indonesia Evidence from Cocoa Powder
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Export duties on raw materials are widely used to promote downstream industrialization, yet their effectiveness in supporting processed exports remains debated. This study evaluates the effectiveness of cocoa bean export duties, international cocoa prices, and domestic production in influencing cocoa powder export performance using an Error Correction Model (ECM). The analysis employs 83 time-series observations from Statistics Indonesia and the Ministry of Trade. The results show that export duty rates have a negative and significant effect on cocoa powder exports, while prices have positive and significant effects. The error correction term (–0.6352) is significant at the 1% level, suggesting that 63.5% of short-run deviations are corrected each period. The findings indicate that export duties may constrain processed cocoa exports when industrial capacity remains limited. The study provides empirical evidence on export duties and offers policy insights for designing downstream industrialization policies.
Marsanto Adi Nurcahyo, Politeknik Keuangan Negara STAN
holds a Doctor of Economics degree from Universitas Trisakti, Indonesia in 2025. He received master’s degree from Universitas Narotama, Indonesia in 2011. He is currently a lecturer in Department of applied program in state finance management at Politeknik Keuangan Negara STAN. His research interests include in the fields of international trade, customs procedure, customs administration, and management. He can be contacted at email: marsanto.adi@pknstan.ac.id.
The Author Contribution is: Conceptualization, Validation, Formal Analysis, Investigation Resources, Data Curation, Writing – Original Draft, Writing – Review & Editing, Visualization, Supervision, Project Administration, Funding Acquisition
Masruri Muchtar, Politeknik Keuangan Negara STAN
is currently an Associate Professor at Polytechnic of State Finance STAN, Indonesia. His educational background includes a Bachelor’s degree in Accounting from the Indonesian State College of Accountancy (STAN); a Bachelor’s degree in Economics from the Universitas Terbuka; a Master of Science in Management from the Universitas Gadjah Mada; a Master of E-Business Management from the International University of Japan; and a PhD in Islamic Economics from the Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University (UIN) Jakarta. He has published scientific works, including books and papers in reputable international and national journals. His research interests include economics, international trade, Islamic finance and banking. He can be contacted at email: masruri.m@pknstan.ac.id.
The Author Contribution is: Methodology, Software, Validation, Formal Analysis, Investigation Resources, Writing – Review & Editing
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